Record high temperatures and humidity can have severe and lasting effects on health, particularly for young athletes. Heat-related illnesses such as heat exhaustion and heat cramps are significant concerns, especially in the South. According to the CDC, heat-related deaths increased by 56% between 2018 and 2021 and continue to rise. While prevention is crucial, recognizing the signs and symptoms of heat stroke promptly can prevent long-term damage or death.
Heat stroke, the most severe heat illness, is the leading cause of death among high school athletes, as noted in a study published in the Journal of Athletic Training. Heat stroke occurs when the body’s temperature exceeds 103°F and it cannot cool down through sweating. This rapid rise in internal temperature typically results from prolonged exposure to or strenuous exercise in high temperatures.
Recognizing Heat Stroke Symptoms
Heat stroke symptoms include:
- Slurred speech
- Confusion
- Nausea and vomiting
- Rapid breathing and heart rate
- Loss of consciousness
- Dry, hot skin or profuse sweating
- Seizures
- High body temperature
These symptoms necessitate immediate emergency treatment. Delayed or untreated heat stroke can lead to severe damage to the heart, brain, muscles, kidneys, and can be fatal. Ice water baths are the quickest and most efficient method to reduce core body temperature and should be administered immediately while seeking medical help. If an ice bath is unavailable, move the person indoors or into the shade, remove excess clothing, and use a cool shower, ice packs, a garden hose, or damp towels placed on the neck, under the armpits, and in the groin area to cool the body until help arrives.
Preventive Measures for Young Athletes
Young athletes should exercise caution and stay hydrated on and off the field. Certain health conditions and medications can increase the risk of heat stroke. Beta blockers, diuretics, antidepressants, and stimulants for ADHD can affect how the body responds to heat and maintains hydration. Heart and lung diseases also heighten the risk, so it’s essential to consult a pediatrician or primary care physician to discuss these risks.
Steps Taken by High School Sports Programs
High school sports programs and athletic administrators are actively working to prevent heat-related illnesses by:
- Moving practices indoors or scheduling them earlier in the day when temperatures are cooler
- Increasing the number of water breaks during practice
Heat stroke is preventable. Remember to:
- Drink plenty of fluids
- Limit time spent in the heat until acclimated
- Wear loose-fitting clothes
- Use sunscreen to protect against sunburn, which can also affect the body’s ability to regulate heat
By following these guidelines, young athletes can stay safe and healthy even during periods of extreme heat.